This topic deals with the definition of latitude, longitude, mean latitude, middle latitude, meridional parts, difference of latitude, difference of longitude, departure, course, distance and ‘rhumb line’ and explains the relationship between departure and difference of longitude in cases involving a change of latitude, by using mean latitude

THIS TOPIC DEALS WITH SOLVING PROBLEMS ON SINGLE CO./DISTANCE/D-LAT/DEP.

THIS TOPIC DEALS WITH COMBINING PLAIN SAILINGS WHEN THERE ARE TWO OR MORE COUSES APPLIED.

THIS TPIC DEALS WITH D-LONG WHEN VESSEL PROCEEDING EAST/WEST

1. Explains that the middle-latitude sailing uses the mean latitude for converting departure to difference of longitude when the course is not due east or due west. 2. Explains the relationship between departure and difference of longitude in cases involving a change of latitude, by using mean latitude 3. Describes that the middle-latitude sailing combines plane and parallel sailing. 4. Uses the middle-latitude sailing formula: Dlo = p sec Lm and p = DLo Cos Lm 5. Calculates the latitude and longitude of the point of arrival by middle-latitude sailing by computation. (Practical)

1. Explains that the Mercator sailing provides mathematical solution of the plot as made on a Mercator chart. 2. Describes that the Mercator sailing is similar to plane sailing but uses meridional difference and difference of longitude in place of difference of latitude and departure. 3. Uses the Mercator sailing formula: tan C = DLo / m and DLo = m x tan C 4. Calculates the true course and distance between two positions by Mercator sailing 5. Calculates the final position, given the initial position, course and distance by Mercator sailing

1. Explains that the Great circle sailing involves the solution of courses, distances and points along a great circle between two points. 2. Describes that the great circle sailing problems has graphical solution that involves the use of gnomonic charts. 3. Uses gnomonic charts to plot the route and pick points along the track every 5 degrees of longitude using the latitude and longitude scale. 4. Transfers the points to Mercator chart and connected by rhumb lines. 5. Finds the number of points along the great circle when the initial great circle course is given. 6. Calculates the vertex of the great circle track when the great circle course angle is given. 7. Calculates the final course of great sailing problem.

1. Explains that the composite sailing is a modification of great circle sailing to limit the maximum latitude, generally to avoid ice or severe weather near the poles. 2. Describes that composite track consists of great circle from the point of departure and tangent to the limiting parallel. 3. Explains that the solution of composite sailing problems is most easily made with great circle chart. 4. Calculates the final course, initial course and total distance by composite sailing problems.

1. Defines a position 2. Draw the method of position fixing using terrestrial observation .  By Cross Bearings  By Ranges of Two or More Points  By Combined Range and Bearing  By a Bearing and Sounding  By a Line of Soundings  By Running Fix  Doubling the Angle on the Bow  The Four Point Bearing 3. Discuss the various methods of position fixing using terrestrial observation.

1. Defines ‘dead reckoning position (DR) and explains its purpose. 2. Explains how to construct DR position which requires at least two fix intervals ahead while piloting. 3. Discusses the safety of the ship while dead reckoning is used. 4. Plots a dead reckoning position on the chart by measuring courses and distances using chart’s compass rose nearest to the chart area currently in use

1. Defines ‘set’, ‘rate’, ‘drift’ and ‘leeway’ due to wind 2. Describes ‘ship’s speed’, ‘effective speed’, ‘course and distance made good’, ‘applied leeway’ 3. Calculates set and drift of current to plot the estimated position

1. Defines ‘estimated position (EP)’ and ‘fixed position’ 2. Identifies that the methods in determining estimated position is DR position applying correction for effects of leeway, steering error and current. 3. Plots the estimated position by applying set and drift of current

. Explains how to find the course and distance made good with a tidal stream or current 2. Solves the estimated course and speed made good by applying set and drift of current

1. Explains the application of tidal stream or current to find course to steer 2. Finds the set and rate of tidal stream or current from charts or tables 3. Calculates course to steer and the speed to use to make good a desired course and speed.

1. Explains the term ‘running fix’ and uses the method to plot a position 2. Finds positions by running fix in a tidal stream or current 3. Calculates the actual set and rate of tidal stream or current from DR and fixed positions

. Explains the importance of allowing the effect of set and rate of tidal stream in position fixing 2. Finds positions by running fix in a tidal stream or current 3. Plots position lines: straight line, circle or hyperbola

MIDTERM EXAM

1. Explains that the doubled angle on the bow fix resembles a running fix though only one navigation aid is used. 2. Explains that start with the visible of terrestrial fixing object having a bearing of less than 45° off the bow, note the log distance and proceed along the course until the angle on the bow is doubled then read the log distance run. 3. Calculates and plot the running fix using double angle fix and Uses the log distance to find the position on the second LOP

1. Explains that if the first angle on the bow is 45°, a special situation occurs. 2. Explains that the four-point fix, so called since 45 degrees equals 4 points on the compass (1 point = 11,25°). 3. Explains that start with a bearing with 45° on the bow (α), note the log then proceed along the course till the angle on the bow is 90°, read the log distance run. 4. Calculates and plot the running fix using four-point angle fix and uses the log distance run to find the position on the second LOP

. Explains that the special angle fix requires some special pairs of angles (a:b) that give the distance travelled between bearings as equal to the distance abeam. 2. Describes that the greater the angular spread the better. Hence, of these three fixes the four-point fix is the most precise in fixing position. 3. Calculates and plot the running fix using special angle fix

1.Explains that the line of position using cross bearings is common to all methods. 2. Describes that the observe a charted object (lighthouse, breakwater, etc.) can be used for position fixing by cross bearings. 3. Explains that must plot two (2) or more intersecting LOP’s to obtain a Cross Bearing Fix. 4. Describes that the greater number of lines of position intersecting at the same point the greater the confidence in the fix. 5. Fixes ship’s position on the chart from simultaneous cross bearings fixed charted objects

1. Explains that a precise way to obtain a LOP, and without a compass, is to locate two aids to navigation in line. 2. Describes that more distance between the two landmarks enhances accuracy of position fix. 3. Explains that the less distance between the vessel and the closest aid to navigation also enhances accuracy. 4. Uses the pairs of lights (range lights) or leading lights that can be used to fix the ship’s position and will lead the navigator for safe navigation. 5. Plots ship position using ranges of two or more charted fixed objects

1. Explains that when only one suitable object is available the position may be fixed with a single bearing of that object combined with its range. 2. Explains that the range would normally be measured by radar it is still preferable to obtain the bearing visually. 3. Discusses that combination of bearings from known charted object and the range, the ship position can be determined. 4. Plots the ship’s position by taking bearings and ranges of charted fixed objects such as lighthouses, beacons and structures

1. Explains that a series of depth soundings can greatly improve the position fix. 2. Applies correction to depth soundings for tide within locality. 3. Determines the ship’s position by taking the DR course line on the transparent sheet, writes depths adjacent according to the times of the soundings and applies leeway, currents or other factors the course line

1. Explains that the distance LOP can be obtained by using a sextant to measure the angle (arc) between for instance the light and chart datum of a lighthouse or any other structure of known elevation. 2. Describes that once the angle is corrected for index error the distance can be found in a table called: "Distances by Vertical Sextant Angle". 3. Explains that the range can be used as a danger bearing. 4. Fixes ship position by combining compass bearing with known one or more vertical sextant angle.

1. Recognizes and demonstrates the use of the symbols and abbreviations on a chart, especially lighthouses, buoys, beacons, radio beacons and other navigational marks 2. Identifies the characteristics and range of lights 3. Defines Luminous Range, Nominal Range and Geographical Range 4. Explains that the rising and dipping of lights can be used to determine the position of the ship as it normally gives two position lines 5. Calculates the dipping distances

1. Identifies the symbols for chart depths and nature of the bottom 2. Explains the use of soundings 3. Recognizes coastlines, coast and radar-responsive targets

1. Explains that the contour lines are lines drawn on a chart connecting points of equal elevation. 2. Interprets coastline contours, bottom topography, depths and nature of bottom 3. Uses the tidal information given on a chart

1. Explains the danger of placing implicit reliance upon floating navigational aids 2. Explains the danger of approaching navigational aids too closely 3. Evaluates the danger of placing implicit reliance upon floating navigational aids and the danger of approaching navigational aids too closely

1. Recognizes traffic lanes and separation zones 2. Obtains and appraises information from navigational publications including sailing directions, Notices to Mariners, radio navigational warnings and ship’s routeing information 3. Demonstrates simple passage planning and execution including use of sailing directions, tide tables, radio navigational warnings and ship’s routeing information within parameters established by the master

1. Explains the use of clearing marks and horizontal and vertical danger angles 2. Recognizes suitable passages, approaches and anchorages in clear weather and thick weather, using radar-responsive targets 3. Demonstrates planning of a passage between two ports from berth to berth using the procedures for passage planning as per the Guidelines for Voyage Planning provided by IMO in resolution A.893(21)

1. Explains that the compass error (deviation and variation) can be from tables and navigational charts. 2. Calculates true course from compass course and vice versa 3. Measures compass error, using a transit bearing of known fixed charted objects such as light house, lights and land structures.

1. Explains that the compass bearing of a charted object and lays the true bearing off on the chart can be compared to obtain the compass error. 2. Calculates compass error and gyro error, from transit or charted range bearings and bearings to distant fixed objects 3. Applies compass error to the ship’s head and compass bearings to convert to true

TOPIC COVERED FROM 1 TO 32 , MULTIPLE CHOICE 100 ITEMS.